Environmental scientists and hydrologists use their knowledge of the physical makeup and history of the Earth to protect the environment, study the properties of underground and surface waters, locate water and energy resources, predict water-related geologic hazards, and provide environmental site assessments and advice on indoor air quality and hazardous-waste-site remediation.
Environmental scientists conduct research to identify, abate, and eliminate hazards that affect people, wildlife, and their environments. These workers analyze measurements or observations of air, food, water, and soil to determine the way to clean and preserve the environment. Understanding the issues involved in protecting the environment—degradation, conservation, recycling, and replenishment—is central to the work of environmental scientists. They often use this understanding to design and monitor waste disposal sites, preserve water supplies, and reclaim contaminated land and water to comply with Federal environmental regulations. They also write risk assessments, describing the likely affect of construction and other environmental changes; write technical proposals; and give presentations to managers and regulators.
Hydrologists study the quantity, distribution, circulation, and physical properties of bodies of water. Often, they specialize in either underground water or surface water. They examine the form and intensity of precipitation, its rate of infiltration into the soil, its movement through the Earth, and its return to the ocean and atmosphere. Hydrologists use sophisticated techniques and instruments. For example, they may use remote sensing technology, data assimilation, and numerical modeling to monitor the change in regional and global water cycles. Some surface-water hydrologists use sensitive stream-measuring devices to assess flow rates and water quality.
Many environmental scientists and hydrologists work at consulting firms, helping businesses and government agencies comply with environmental policy, particularly with regard to ground-water decontamination and flood control. They are usually hired to solve problems. Most consulting firms fall into two categories: large multidisciplinary engineering companies, the largest of which may employ thousands of workers, and small niche firms that may employ only a few workers. When looking for jobs, environmental scientists and hydrologists should consider the type of firm and the scope of the projects it undertakes. In larger firms, environmental scientists are more likely to engage in large, long-term projects in which they will work with people in other scientific disciplines. In smaller specialty firms, however, they work more often with business professionals and clients in government and the private sector.
Environmental scientists who work on policy formation may help identify ways that human behavior can be modified in the future to avoid such problems as ground-water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer. Some environmental scientists work in managerial positions, usually after spending some time performing research or learning about environmental laws and regulations.
Many environmental scientists do work and have training that is similar to other physical or life scientists, but they focus on environmental issues. Many specialize in subfields such as environmental ecology and conservation, environmental chemistry, environmental biology, or fisheries science. Specialties affect the specific activities that environmental scientists perform, although recent understandings of the interconnectedness of life processes have blurred some traditional classifications. For example, environmental ecologists study the relationships between organisms and their environments and the effects of factors such as population size, pollutants, rainfall, temperature, and altitude, on both. They may collect, study, and report data on air, soil, and water using their knowledge of various scientific disciplines. Ecological modelers study ecosystems, pollution control, and resource management using mathematical modeling, systems analysis, thermodynamics, and computer techniques. Environmental chemists study the toxicity of various chemicals, that is, how those chemicals affect plants, animals, and people.
Environmental scientists and hydrologists in research positions with the Federal Government or in colleges and universities often have to find funding for their work by writing grant proposals. Consultants face similar pressures to market their skills and write proposals so that they will have steady work.
Work environment. Most entry-level environmental scientists and hydrologists spend the majority of their time in the field, while more experienced workers generally devote more time to office or laboratory work. Many beginning hydrologists and some environmental scientists, such as environmental ecologists and environmental chemists, often take field trips that involve physical activity. Environmental scientists and hydrologists in the field may work in warm or cold climates, in all kinds of weather. In their research, they may dig or chip with a hammer, scoop with a net, come in contact with water, and carry equipment. Travel often is required to meet with prospective clients or investors.
Researchers and consultants might face stress when looking for funding. Occasionally, those who write technical reports to business clients and regulators may be under pressure to meet deadlines and thus have to work long hours.
| 1. | Study and document quantities, distribution, disposition, and development of underground and surface waters. |
| 2. | Draft final reports describing research results, including illustrations, appendices, maps, and other attachments. |
| 3. | Coordinate and supervise the work of professional and technical staff, including research assistants, technologists, and technicians. |
| 4. | Prepare hydrogeologic evaluations of known or suspected hazardous waste sites and land treatment and feedlot facilities. |
| 5. | Design and conduct scientific hydrogeological investigations to ensure that accurate and appropriate information is available for use in water resource management decisions. |
| 6. | Study public water supply issues, including flood and drought risks, water quality, wastewater, and impacts on wetland habitats. |
| 7. | Collect and analyze water samples as part of field investigations and/or to validate data from automatic monitors. |
| 8. | Apply research findings to help minimize the environmental impacts of pollution, water-borne diseases, erosion, and sedimentation. |
| 9. | Measure and graph phenomena such as lake levels, stream flows, and changes in water volumes. |
| 10. | Investigate complaints or conflicts related to the alteration of public waters, gathering information, recommending alternatives, informing participants of progress, and preparing draft orders. |
| 11. | Answer questions and provide technical assistance and information to contractors and/or the public regarding issues such as well drilling, code requirements, hydrology, and geology. |
| 12. | Develop or modify methods of conducting hydrologic studies. |
| 13. | Install, maintain, and calibrate instruments such as those that monitor water levels, rainfall, and sediments. |
| 14. | Evaluate data and provide recommendations regarding the feasibility of municipal projects such as hydroelectric power plants, irrigation systems, flood warning systems and waste treatment facilities. |
| 15. | Conduct short-term and long-term climate assessments, and study storm occurrences. |
| 16. | Study and analyze the physical aspects of the Earth in terms of the hydrological components, including atmosphere, hydrosphere, and interior structure. |
| 17. | Conduct research and communicate information to promote the conservation and preservation of water resources. |
| 18. | Design civil works associated with hydrographic activities, and supervise their construction, installation, and maintenance. |
| 19. | Review applications for site plans and permits, and recommend approval, denial, modification, or further investigative action. |
| 20. | Evaluate research data in terms of its impact on issues such as soil and water conservation, flood control planning, and water supply forecasting. |
| 21. | Monitor the work of well contractors, exploratory borers, and engineers, in order to enforce rules regarding their activities. |
| 22. | Administer programs designed to ensure the proper sealing of abandoned wells. |
| 23. | Compile and evaluate hydrologic information in order to prepare navigational charts and maps, and to predict atmospheric conditions. |
| 24. | Investigate properties, origins, and activities of glaciers, ice, snow, and permafrost. |
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